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Justification Science is essential to understand and address the global problems and opportunities that human societies face, such as health, climate change, competitive production, job, information access and in general, an opportunity for real and sustainable access for improving the quality of life. Science is seen by many forward looking thinkers, as an essential part of culture, not only in relation to technology and economic development but also as a key element of the identity, attitudes and habits of the citizen of the XXI Century. A citizenship, for this challenging century, built on the common processes and values of science and democracy and on the traditional elements of our cultures. Fast developing countries are striving to make science an important part of culture. “Scientific temper” is seen, in countries like India, as a corner stone to build a society able to become a unique intellectual and economic power, offering improved opportunities and living conditions to their people. Science education is seen as the key process to enhance the “scientific temper” of the individuals and of the countries. It is seen as a process to develop scientific attitudes, habits and thinking skills, as well as to make science, technology and its implications, closer and more interesting to the public at large. Scientific thinking, which is both imaginative and disciplined, brings us to a delicate equilibrium between the openness to new ideas and the skepticism that moves us to their detailed scrutiny. This way of thinking is also an essential tool for a democracy in a time of change. Science education enhances the capabilities of the individual to understand social and natural issues and to tackle them as a responsible citizen.
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